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The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of heat capacity and density of biofuels on aircraft engine performance indicated by thrust and fuel consumption.

The influence of heat capacity and density was examined by simulating biofuels in a two-spool high-bypass turbofan engine running at cruise condition using a Cranfield in-house engine performance computer tool (PYTHIA). The effect of heat capacity and density on engine performance was evaluated through a comparison between kerosene and biofuels. Two types of biofuels were considered: Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (JSPK) and Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (CSPK).

Results show an increase in engine thrust and a reduction in fuel consumption as the percentage of biofuel in the kerosene/biofuel mixture increases. Besides a low heating value, an effect of heat capacity on increasing engine thrust and an effect of density on reducing engine fuel consumption are observed.

The utilisation of biofuel in aircraft engines may result in reducing over-dependency on crude oil.

This paper observes secondary factors (heat capacity and density) that may influence aircraft engine performance which should be taken into consideration when selecting new fuel for new engine designs.

The purpose of this paper is to identify efficient methods and tools for the design of distributed propulsion architectures.

Multi-objective computational aerodynamic design optimisation of an S-Duct shape.

Both duct pressure loss and flow distortion through such a duct can be reduced by wall-curvature changes.

Initial simplified study requires higher fidelity computational fluid dynamics & design sensitivity follow-up.

Shape optimisation of an S-Duct intake can improve intake efficiency and reduce the risk of engine-intake compatibility problems.

Potential to advance lower emissions impact from distributed propulsion aircraft.

Both the duct loss and flow distortion can be simultaneously reduced by significant amounts.